Critically ill patients in ICUs often suffer from gut dysbiosis, leading to hyperinflammation and organ failure. This review explores the impact of probiotics and immunonutrition on ICU patients’ gut microbiome. Probiotics, including various bacterial strains, can reduce diarrhea, enhance immune response, and decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immunonutrition, involving specific nutrients and phytochemicals, can mitigate intestinal inflammation and improve outcomes in conditions like sepsis and postoperative complications. Both approaches show promise in modulating the gut microbiome and attenuating hyperinflammation in critically ill individuals, potentially offering personalized treatment strategies.
